comma + verb-ing

[MichaelZ337]

Hi Ron

In OG 13 - Diag - SC #49, the correct answer used the comma + verb-ing clause. I remember that this structure either showed how the action of the main clause happened or showed result of the main clause. But I think neither could be applied to this question. Could you please let me know where I am wrong?

Thank you!

[RonPurewal]

In OG 13 - Diag - SC #49, the correct answer used the comma + verb-ing clause. I recalled that this structure either showed how the action of the main clause happened or showed result of the main clause. But I think neither could be applied to this case. Could you please let me know where I am wrong?

the red thing describes EXACTLY what happens in that problem.
i.e., the modifier is a description of how this person was so "influential".

[littleb417]

Can "comma ing" modify one of the verb(action) of the subject of the subordinate clause?

I got an OG problem with a similar structure like this one: I've modified the content becuase of the OG copy right issue.

Scientists use a tool to monitor waves that orininate in the Mar's crust and ricochet around its interior, traveling most quickly through hot, dense regions...

In this SC quesiton, does comma ing modifiy waves( with the action ricochet）? and only modify the actionof ricochet but not orininate?

I only leart that comma ing modify the action of the subject of the main clause

seems this one is a little bit different

Maybe I falied to get the whole story...

My previous learning all comes from this forum as below:
* modify the ENTIRE PRECEDING CLAUSE
* are ATTRIBUTED TO THE SUBJECT of the PRECEDING CLAUSE
2 meanings:
1) the -ing part is the DIRECT or INEVITABLE CONSEQUENCE of what is described in the main clause;
2) the -ing part describes the MANNER IN WHICH the main clause occurs.
1) bob earned a score of 95 on the most recent exam, bringing his average for the entire semester up to 87.
2) joe ran down the sidewalk, flapping his arms frantically.
• the subject didn't directly do the __ing
• but, the subject is the one most responsible for the __ing.this type of thing comes up a lot in real life:
I dropped the bags onto the floor, scaring the dogs. i didn't personally scare the dogs, but my action did.
*There are also others -- for instance, the modifier might give an illustration or explanation of what's in the main clause that it's describing.
Just ask yourself whether the modifier is reasonably a description of the stuff in the main clause (or a description of what's directly and inevitably related to that stuff, such as immediate consequences).

expert pls help

[RonPurewal]

we can't discuss OG problems here. but, it should be 100% clear from context which action that modifier is meant to describe.