Sentence - Parents have traditionally opposed

[Navneet]

Hi Ron
I came across this sentence (changed) at one of reputed newspaper article.

Parents have traditionally opposed efforts to raise children’ school time, saying that children will be forced to cut extracurricular activities.

1. In this sentence please clarify what this "ing" modifier modifying
Is it modifying
A. Parents (parents are saying something) or
B. Parent's act of opposing ( the way parents opposing) ?

2. Also, in this case, do "ing" modifier is not working in its usual way i.e modifying entire preceding clause ?

[RonPurewal]

1. In this sentence please clarify what this "ing" modifier modifying
Is it modifying
A. Parents (parents are saying something) or
B. Parent's act of opposing ( the way parents opposing) ?

the idea of "modifying an action" always implies, indirectly, that we're talking about the subject too. (an action doesn't exist without its subject.)
so, this is a non-distinction.

e.g.,
I walked slowly.
––> "slowly" describes my action of walking. it obviously doesn't describe the abstract idea of walking in general.

[RonPurewal]

2. Also, in this case, do "ing" modifier is not working in its usual way i.e modifying entire preceding clause ?

that's exactly what it is doing.

"modifying an action"
"modifying a subject + action"
"modifying a clause"

all exactly the same.

[RonPurewal]

by the way, i went ahead and answered this post because i'm in a generous mood today. but, from now on, "a reputed newspaper" is not a legitimate citation-- you actually need to NAME that newspaper.
thanks in advance.

[Navneet]

Thanks for replying Ron
I Got the idea that "an action doesn't exist without its subject"

and article is from NYTimes.

[RonPurewal]

ok.