The ecosystems of barrier islands are

[kartik1979]

The ecosystems of barrier islands are extremely vulnerable-whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or the ever-increasing pressures of development.
A. whether from natural processes like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or
B. whether from natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, or also
C. to processes that are natural like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, and also
D. to processes that are natural ones like shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to
E. to natural processes such as shoreline recession, rising sea levels, and destructive hurricanes, as well as to


hi
i could narrow it down to B and e, ,wanted to know why B is wrong and E is right
in B i assumed the ( from) - es, or also (From)

[kartik1979]

it just dawned on me, Is B wrong because it uses also and Or together

one more question

the day i read the rule in one of the post of ron that as well as + verbing should be followed, i faced a lot of probelms with "as well as" questions

i have posted one question just before this

could some one confirm whether what i have written below is right?


noun as well as noun - correct
as well as + infinitive - in this case is correct

[mikrodj]

I have another question regarding this problem.

what function does the dash play in this sentence? I thought that infinitive modifies couldn't appear after a comma or a dash. I was obviously wrong.

Is it possible this use because the modifier refers to the previous clause?

reading the explanation to the problem #30 OG 12, I concluded that a infinitive could not be preceded by a comma. In which cases is that use acceptable?

Thank you in advance.

[RonPurewal]

I have another question regarding this problem.

what function does the dash play in this sentence? I thought that infinitive modifies couldn't appear after a comma or a dash. I was obviously wrong.

Is it possible this use because the modifier refers to the previous clause?

reading the explanation to the problem #30 OG 12, I concluded that a infinitive could not be preceded by a comma. In which cases is that use acceptable?

Thank you in advance.

these aren't infinitive modifiers. in this case, "to" is a preposition, so these are prepositional phrases.
(the easiest way to tell that this is the case is to notice that "to" is followed by NOUNS, not verbs.)

the function of the dash, in this sentence, is basically as a "clarifier" or "specifier", adding more specifics to the sentence. when you use this sort of dash, the portion of the sentence PRIOR to the dash must be a complete sentence.
mostly, the function is rhetorical: this sort of dash is normally used when there is some sort of unexpected twist or unforeseen circumstance/consequence of what is being said.

[RonPurewal]

it just dawned on me, Is B wrong because it uses also and Or together

correct. you can't do that.

also, "vulnerable from" is not a proper idiom. the correct idiom is "vulnerable to".
(you can also use "vulnerable" by itself.)