usage of which

[aflaamM589]

Hello experts,
From going through multiple posts on sentence structure, i want to clear one doubt.

i) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of which performs multiple tasks.
ii) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of them performs multiple tasks.
iii) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of the program performs multiple tasks
Are these sentences run on?
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Is the following sentence also legitimate?
software xyz contains multiple programs and each of them performs multiple tasks.
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the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of them oppose the change.--Run on?

Many thanks
Many many thanks for helping me all along

[RonPurewal]

Hello experts,
From going through multiple posts on sentence structure, i want to clear one doubt.

i) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of which performs multiple tasks.
ii) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of them performs multiple tasks.
iii) software xyz contains multiple programs, each of the program performs multiple tasks
Are these sentences run on?

(I) is a legitimate sentence. "each of which + [verb]" is a modifier, just like "which + [verb]".

(II) and (III) are not legitimate sentences. these are run-on sentences (complete sentence + comma + another complete sentence).
(also, "each of the program" in (III) is an error -- that would have to be "each of the programs".)

[RonPurewal]

Is the following sentence also legitimate?
software xyz contains multiple programs and each of them performs multiple tasks.

no. the "and" here doesn't make sense.

the construction "thing a AND thing b" implies that "thing a" and "thing b" are two SEPARATE / DIFFERENT things.
that's nonsense here, since the second part is a further / more detailed description of the first part.

this sentence needs to be written with the second part as a MODIFIER of the first part -- since that's exactly what the second part is! it's a DESCRIPTION of the first part!

remember—if "thing b" makes sense as a MODIFIER of "thing a", then "thing a AND thing b" CANNOT make sense.

[RonPurewal]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of them oppose the change.

this one has the same problem as your (II) above.

[aflaamM589]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of them oppose the change.

this one has the same problem as your (II) above.

Thank you very very much for such a detailed response.

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom oppose the change.

This one is correct, right?

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers,and most of them oppose the change.

This one has the same parallelism issue as the one above had--> therefore incorrect.
am i right?

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom opposing the change

-->incorrect ,because verb needed after whom, right?
-----------

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most opposing the change

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, many opposing the change

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, each opposing the change

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, all opposing the change

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, none opposing the change

-->all are correct now(different meanings though), right?
----------------------
Moreover, is there any difference between the following two?

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, each opposing the change

vs

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, each teacher opposing the change

Is the second one better because it repeats the pronoun, even though the first one is not strictly incorrect and thus one is required to base judgement on some other issue in the option?
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the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, each one opposing the change

--> incorrect because, as per one of your post about pronoun one, pronoun one in GMAT standing for person is incorrect, right?


Thank you very very very much.
Thank you.
Have a great great weekend

[RonPurewal]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of them oppose the change.

this one has the same problem as your (II) above.

Thank you very very much for such a detailed response.

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom oppose the change.

This one is correct, right?

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers,and most of them oppose the change.

This one has the same parallelism issue as the one above had--> therefore incorrect.
am i right?

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom opposing the change

-->incorrect ,because verb needed after whom, right?

everything up to here is correct.

[RonPurewal]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, all opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, none opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, many opposing the change

these don't work, because these modifiers should still relate to, or somehow describe, the whole idea of the previous sentence (in the same way as comma + __ing modifiers).
that clearly isn't happening here, since the "modifier" is actually telling us about something that's OPPOSED to the idea of the previous sentence.

("most of whom" doesn't have this problem, because "most of whom" plays the same kind of role as "which" -- it attaches ONLY to the preceding noun, and DOESN'T generally carry any relationship to the greater sentence before it.)

[RonPurewal]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, each opposing the change

this one is just nonsense, because there's no discernible reason to use the word "each". ("each" is only used when there's a definite sense of people or things doing something one at a time, individually.)

all of the later examples with "each" are also basically nonsense, for the same reason, so there's no reason to consider them further.

[aflaamM589]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, all opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, none opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, many opposing the change

these don't work, because these modifiers should still relate to, or somehow describe, the whole idea of the previous sentence (in the same way as comma + __ing modifiers).
that clearly isn't happening here, since the "modifier" is actually telling us about something that's OPPOSED to the idea of the previous sentence.

("most of whom" doesn't have this problem, because "most of whom" plays the same kind of role as "which" -- it attaches ONLY to the preceding noun, and DOESN'T generally carry any relationship to the greater sentence before it.)

Great.
So does that mean that they are also incorrect because they are applied to subject ( the principal) rather than to noun they are touching?

=======================================================
Moreover,

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom opposing the change

-->incorrect ,because verb needed after whom, right?


RON: everything up to here is correct

("most of whom" doesn't have this problem, because "most of whom" plays the same kind of role as "which" -- it attaches ONLY to the preceding noun, and DOESN'T generally carry any relationship to the greater sentence before it.)

My question is , if "most of whom plays the same kind of role as "which" plays than doesn't that mean there need to be verb after "most of whom" as is the case with " which"

Hence

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom opposing the change

is incorrect as there is no verb after " most of whom".

What am i missing?

[RonPurewal]

So does that mean that they are also incorrect because they are applied to subject ( the principal) rather than to noun they are touching?

sorry, i don't understand this question ^^

in context it's clear that all of these are references to the teachers, so, not sure quite what you are asking here.

[RonPurewal]

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most of whom opposing the change

is incorrect as there is no verb after " most of whom".

What am i missing?

you are missing nothing. that has already been acknowledged as correct, in this post:
post122103.html#p122090
(last part of that post)

[aflaamM589]

RonPurewall: you are missing nothing. that has already been acknowledged as correct, in this post:
post122103.html#p122090
(last part of that post)

Ron what i am asking is that does most of whom need not follow verb? i.e,
____________, which -->verb must follow
____________, who --> verb must follow
____________,most of which--> verb must follow
____________,most of whom--> verb need not follow? ( as is the case with ____, most of which)


======================================

So does that mean that they are also incorrect because they are applied to subject ( the principal) rather than to noun they are touching?

sorry, i don't understand this question ^^

in context it's clear that all of these are references to the teachers, so, not sure quite what you are asking here.

True, but taken literally

the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, most opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, all opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, none opposing the change
the principal wants to adopt a strict dress code for teachers, many opposing the change

these modifiers refer to subject(the principal) and not to the noun (teachers)these modifiers are touching, thus incorrect, right?

[RonPurewal]

"most of whom" has to be followed by a verb, just like "most of which".

__

these modifiers refer to subject(the principal) and not to the noun (teachers)these modifiers are touching, thus incorrect, right?

where are you getting the idea that they'd have to modify the subject?

[aflaamM589]

______________, Ving--> modifies clause and is applied to subject
So, therefore,
______________, each Ving-->modifies clause and is applied to subject
or
______________, all Ving-->modifies clause and is applied to subject

Doesn't it work that way?

[RonPurewal]

not necessarily -- those are more flexible than you think.

take a look at problem 7 in the 2016 OG.
in that problem, the "each" modifier isn't in the underlined part, but, the same kind of modifier could easily appear at the end of a sentence (The king sent a team of ten messengers, each carrying a different gift or note).