What do you call this type of modifier?

[CD]

What is the type of modifier that begins with a verb? For example:

"The style of teaching, called the VJEM, encourages students to daydream while in the classroom."

or

"The man, trained as a marine, was not scared by the gunshots from his front yard."

What is "called the VJEM" and "trained as a marine"? I don't think they were covered in the strategy guide or in class. Clearly those modifiers have to be next to the noun they modify, like those introduced by a relative pronoun, but I haven't seen them mentioned anywhere.

[anuj_dit]

"The style of teaching, called the VJEM, encourages students to daydream while in the classroom."

"called the VJEM" is just the addtional information and that needs to be close to noun it is modifying. Also, here subject is a phase and that will be always singular.

or

"The man, trained as a marine, was not scared by the gunshots from his front yard."

similarly for this sentence also. Here subject is proper noun.