This is regarding detail facts of the passage. Since the information regarding Kepler was in '( )', it was easy to go back and see which part this question is referring to.
Kepler’s ideas were mentioned when the author was talking about the cases where old theories are corrected by the new ones (by Newton in this case).
Let's go to the answer choice.
A) "Subsequent", meaning someone later than Kepler, so Newton. So, this is it. (Correct)
B) Unsupported. We have no idea whether Kepler's theory was based on prior observations at least from this passage.
C) This was accepted as the truth in the past and then confirmed to be false later to be correct.
D) No relation to the “individual’s rhetorical power” in this case. We have no idea whether Kepler's theory was influenced by any ideological biases, or rhetorical power. Unsupported.
E) No information given regarding this. Just because it was CORRECTED, that doesn't mean if was false. So, "taken up for the purpose of falsification" is too strong.